Artificial intelligence; Employment; Occupations; Emerging Markets

There is an urgent need to grow green bonds and other debt instruments that promote sustainability to give emerging economies the financing they need to meet climate targets. The market has expanded greatly over the past decade—but it is fragile, with events in 2022 triggering a drop in issuance, although a rebound is expected in 2023–2024, a study by IFC and asset manager Amundi finds. Actions that can be taken to make this asset class more investor friendly include requiring issuers to disclose how the bond helps achieve sustainability targets, more targeted interventions by central banks, and deploying technologies like blockchain to make transactions more transparent.

Integrated Policy Framework; Emerging Markets; Monetary Policy; Foreign Exchange Intervention; Endogenous Risks; Incomplete Financial Markets; Bayesian Estimation

This brief shows how US Federal Reserve interest rate hikes risk sparking a wave of capital withdrawals from Asia’s emerging markets and outlines how speeding up much needed reforms can help governments cushion vulnerable economies.

This working paper shows how deviations in uncovered interest rate parity (UIP) decrease as local currency bond markets develop and the presence of nonbank financial institutions expands.

Covered interest parity; Interest rate differentials; Forward foreign exchange market; Financial market arbitrage; Emerging markets